Professional Values and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Professional Values and Ethics - Essay Example There must be a changeless entity to perceive the change. We can not experience the motion of the earth since we are part of it. We need to be apart to notice the change. Since I am noticing the changes in my body, mind and intellect, I cannot be any of these. Then who am I Revealing this mystery will be the ultimate source to experience the absolute bliss within. The real progress is advancement towards the source. The world is in a state of constant flux and everything is in the struggle to acquire its original state. The greatest of scientific discoveries confirm that the object will remain in motion till it regains its original status. In the light of the above, without exception, we are in constant pursuit of happiness in and from the world. If we are seeking absolute peace and permanent happiness, than we are peace and happiness personified. But this is easier said than done. In a way we are living in spiritual slums and the higher degrees of happiness, ecstasy and bliss elude us.. A thought always precedes the action. It is not vice versa. So to improve the quality in action we must improve the quality of thoughts. An action is only the manifestation of the thought, and not only that, the thought lends the very strength to the action. In fact there can be no action without a thought behind. "As we think, so shall we become" is the applicable law. We are aspiring for a better world, but unconsciously the means applied are not constructive. Reforming the world beyond any doubt is required but, remember, charity begins at home. Subjectively reformations will be more effective. Since the world is the projection of the mind, and if the world is needed to be improved to enhance the quality of experiences, we should sanitize our minds. We should work on the projector for a change in the projection. We have to have a clam mind to be serene. We should not agitate the world and at the same time get agitated by the world. We should not be carried away by the apparent names and forms at the expense of underlying common reality. For me every body is a God playing a fool, simply because God being omnipresent. Where is any room for superiority or inferiority when no body is less than God and no one is more than God. Spirit is the core of human personality, like spoke in a wheel, which must regulate the other personality layers - intellectual, emotional and physical. It can not be other way round. Involve! We can not solve! It is but natural to be carried away by the whims and fancies of mind. Objectivity should not be lost and smile should not be compromised. We should be vigilant enough for the massive demand of smile and limited source of supply in the world. Let me be the hub or centre for the supply chain. Smile costs nothing; and being infectious and can do wonders. We always seek the expert opinion in different spheres of our life, like we have so many specialists for different ailments. But when it comes to our mind we lack the awareness. Why should we not, then, seek the expert opinion to run the affairs of mind which is actually the seat of joy or sorrow. The only way to educate the mind is by picking up the higher values which will result in dropping the lower ones. It is rightly said that old habits die hard. We can not renounce our old practices,

Critical Appraisal of Business Planning Process Essay

Critical Appraisal of Business Planning Process - Essay Example In most cases, the entrepreneur himself will not be capable of raising the required capital for the business. Sometime, even when the initial capital is brought in by the owner, further expansion or the need for additional working capital requirements will force him/her to approach a venture capitalist or financial institution. In any of these cases, the clarity of the business plan is what convinces the concerned institution for granting finance. A good business plan should be prepared based on an outside-in approach. An entrepreneur should have a good understanding of the external environment in which the business will operate. A vision and mission for the business forms the two main components of the business plan. Vision is the ultimate goal that the business wants to achieve and mission statement states in brief about how the vision will be achieved by the business. Thus a well charted out business plan is an inevitable component for a successful business venture. The following section will give a critical analysis of the various steps of the business planning process. ... Identification of a problem that exists in the market is the first step that an entrepreneur should take. â€Å"If you keep up with your industry, talk to customers, study what is not working in your business, you should have a ton of problems you would like to solve.† (Starak, 2006) Identification of problem will lead to finding of various alternative solutions for the problem. All ideas should be screened well and the entrepreneur should select the one best solution that becomes the real business idea. Thus it can be said that the first thought that should come into the minds of an aspiring entrepreneur is a market problem. Strategic Objectives: Strategic objectives refer to the core business objectives of the venture. It mainly consists of the vision and mission of a business. Apart from that, it also consists of the other objectives of the business. Formulating good strategic decisions are extremely important for the success of a business. Most of these objectives are long term in nature. Therefore, an entrepreneur should have good foresight in order to formulate clear business objectives. Also, the entrepreneur should have a good understanding of the market and environment situation in order to make the objectives clear, focused, realistic and achievable. The objectives are the motive behind a business success. The various strategies that the business should take will depend mainly on the business objectives. Clear objectives imply that half the work of an entrepreneur is complete. He/she just have to manage the business to make sure that it is operating as per the objectives. Market Analysis and Research: It was mentioned that an understanding of the market is very much essential for idea generation

Driving Forces For Smartphone Industry

Driving Forces For Smartphone Industry The mobile Internet is growing so fast. There is about 500 million people use the mobile internet worldwide in 2009. The Smartphone will be the most popular method to access the internet than PCs in the next few years. There are more and more people want to have Smartphone instead of desktop or laptop. In Egypt and India this is 70 percent and 59 percent of mobile internet users are mobile-only. Even in the US it is 25 percent. (MobiThinking 2010). Now there are about 150 million presently users log in Facebook from mobile devices. People use Facebook on their mobile devices are twice more active on Facebook than non-mobile users.(Mobithinking 2010) These make the reason of the Smartphone growth very fast recently. Changes in who buys the product and how they use it The target market of the Smartphone is young generation. There are two parts of the young generation that are college students and fresh graduates. College students want to have Smartphone. According to the researcher at Ball State University, there are 49 percent students own a Smartphone at college in 2010, compared with 38 percent in 2009. The 97 percent of students use text messages for their primary communication method and 30 percent of students will use email to communicate to each other. There are about 90 percent of Smartphone users that use their phone to surf the internet. About 97 percent of the users will take and upload photos and 87 percent of the owners will look at videos and upload videos by their Smartphone. (Kelly Truong). Fresh graduates need a Smartphone, too. Fresh graduates continue their habits from the college, but they use their Smartphone on the different way. They use their Smartphone for their work in order to have more efficient than others. The Smartph one can help them check their email anywhere, stay in touch with their office and update the news from office quickly. Increasing globalization of Smartphone industry The demand of the Smartphone is growing rapidly worldwide, because of mobile internet becomes more popular. Gartner expects the worldwide touch-screen mobile device market to top 362.7 million units in 2010, an increase of 96.8 percent over 2009 sales of 184.3 million units. (Michelle Maisto). More and more people start to buy a Smartphone, because of the trend market. Smartphone is going to instead of the traditional phone. Changing societal concerns, attitudes, and lifestyles Smartphone changes the way people used to be. First, the communication between the people is changing. People use social media to communicate to each other. Facebook user base has risen to 430 million year-over-year, roughly the same increase as QQ in China. Twitter, while sporting only 58 million users experienced a 1238% year-over-year growth rate. Facebook now dominates in chat, messaging, video sharing, games, VoIP and more. (MobileBeyond). People want to check the social media instead of text message and give a phone call. For example, Facebook shows a lot of information that people want to express for their days and also upload their photo to their friends. Smartphone can give people to see the latest news from the social media anywhere and anytime. Second, the lifestyle is going to change. People used to go to the bank to make transaction and deposit the check. After we have Smartphone and internet, we can just take a photo with check and upload to your bank. Finally, the atti tude is going to change. People used to buy the products and compare the price in the different stores. It was not convenient and efficiency way to shop. Now you can easily to check the price of the product by using Smartphone that can help you make the right decision to shop. Smartphone is changing our lifestyles, attitudes and societal concerns. Industry life cycle There are five stages of the industry life cycle. In the embryonic stage, the industry starts to begin and develop the product to the public. In the growth stage, the company produces more products and increases the market share. In the shakeout stage, some of competitors start to see the opportunities in this market. In the maturity stage, the product price is stable and more competition comes to market. In the decline stage, the sale of the product decreases until the product innovation or discontinue in the market. (Hill Jones, 2008). The Smartphone industry is in the growth stage. The demand of the Smartphone industry is growing rapidly. The sale of the Smartphone was 174 million units in the 2009; there were 270 million units sold in 2010. In 2011, the sales forecast is going to be double from 2010 to 2011 that means about 500 million units. (Oliver Van Dervoort). The demand of the Smartphone is going up twice than 2010 that make the Smartphone industry is in the growth stage, because of the strong demand of the Smartphone. Internal Analysis Value Chain The value chain is that an organization creates value by performing a series of activities and it represents how each competitive advantage created via an organization adds value to the service or product for each customer. In the HTC Company, RD, Production, Marketing Sales, Customers Service and Human Resource are adding the value to their company. (Hill Jones, 2008). Research and Development HTC extremely concerned about research and development department. In 2009, HTC has nearly one-third of RD personnel which in total HTC personnel. They also invest in R D development about 5% to 7% of the total revenues. HTC also pay attention on their innovation and design. HTC introduced the worlds first Android Smartphone in the Android operating system. After that, HTC also develop the new 4G high speed Smartphone that customer can download or upload their games, picture, video and mobile multimedia fast than before. (HTC Annual Report) In 2010, HTC introduce the worlds first windows phone which is HTC HD2. HTC HD2 has a capacitive touch screen interface and 1 GHz processor. (HTC Annual Report). It allows consumers to enjoy the fast and smooth touch experience and quickly respond to every touch of the action which is a major breakthrough for Windows Mobile phones. It is the worlds first embedded HTC Sense for Windows Mobile; make the phone more intuitive operation. HTC Sense has three core principles for the design -Make it Mine, Stay Close, Discover the Unexpected. The ideal of the HTC Sense is easy to operate in order to attract more customers to buy their Smartphone. HTC develops the product designs to meet china market with China Mobile. In China, TD-SCDMA is Chinas telecommunications industry with independent intellectual property rights of international communications standards. Each of the phones needs to have TD- SCDMA in order to use in china. In 2008, HTC launched their first TD-SCDMA Smartphone in china i n order to extend their market into China. Production HTC is growing so fast. According to the annual report, with worldwide demand for mobile phones expected to continue rising through 2010, we can expect the tight supply situation to continue as well. (HTC Annual Report) HTC needs to make sure their suppliers to increase productivity in order to meet the demand of the market. HTC also needs more manufacturing plants and facilities to meet the increasing demand of HTC products. HTC pay attention on their quality from each of the product that they produce. HTC introduces their new HTC Hero to the market In June 2009. After that HTC Hero has win a lot of awards which are Stuff Magazines -Gadget of the Year award, Mobile Choices- Phone of the Year, T3 Magazines Phone of the Year. During the worlds largest annual Telecommunications industry event, the 2010 Mobile World Congress, HTC Hero was further recognized with the 2010 Best Mobile Handset or Device Award. (HTC Annual Report) As HTC is growing so fast in order to meet the demand of the market, they still focus on their high quality control. Marketing and Sales HTC business is focus on European and North America markets in 2009. There are 48.8% of revenues from North American, 30.4% from European and 20.8% from Asia and other regions. Especially, the annual growth rate is 28.6% in North America which is the most potential markets. HTC development strategy is the current worldwide brand positioning HTC have a good development and increase HTC brand image in order to create long-term competitive advantage HTC. (HTC Annual Report) HTC has different products to meet the different level of the markets. For example, HTCs HD2 is the luxury and high-end product. Second, they have mid-price products which are HTC Tattoo and HTC Touch2 in order to have competitively in their market segment. HTC focus on the Smartphone industry, wireless communication technologies and become more sophisticated in this market. HTC Cooperate with Telecommunication Company to place their phone in the store in order to increase sale of their phones such as Verizon, Sprint and T-mobile. HTC mobile phone now, through Europe, America, Asia, sales of leading carriers and distributors, and has gradually penetrated into the Smartphone market in developing countries such as the Middle East, Central and South America and Russia. (HTC Annual Report) Customer Service HTC opened the worlds first HTC Care Customer Service Center in Taiwan Taipei in 2007. Fred Liu, Chief Operating Officer of HTC said HTC believes that providing superior after-sales support is important to our continuing success, which is why we place such a high degree of importance on HTC Care. In the future, a number of HTC Care centers will be launched in Taiwan and overseas, allowing our customers to enjoy their mobile lifestyles without missing a call, (HTC Annual Report). Customer service center is very valuable for customers. Customer service center can save time and more efficient to solve the problems from customers. Customers can just walk into the center and get personalized consultations by HTC products, Warranty repairs and buy HTCs products. HTC also provides a loaner phone during repair time. Customers do not need to worry about the alternative phone during that period. Human Resources The most valuable asset in HTC is employees. In recent years, HTC hires recruits outstanding talent to its ranks in the areas of product design, user interface, brand promotion and sales and marketing. HTC also hire the professionals employees from Europe and American that make HTC increases their diversity, challenging, vital and encouraging. As of the close of March 2010, HTC employed 8,948 staff worldwide. The 169 non-Taiwanese staff employed by HTC filled 30% of all HTC managerial positions. Non-Taiwanese managerial and technical staff filled 8.3% of all HTC positions worldwide. Women hold 21.4 %of HTCs 557 current managerial positions. (HTC Annual Report)

Technology and Older Adults Essay -- Research Age Essays

Technology and Older Adults It is commonly believed that older people are uncomfortable with new forms of technology and that they are more resistant to using technology than are younger people. This belief often places older people at a disadvantage, because designers fail to consider older people as a potential user group when designing technology, both software and hardware (Parsons, Terner, & Kersley, 1994). Another misconception is that the elderly are unable to learn new skills. Older people are frequently overlooked when opportunities for technology training or retraining are made available, however, a study of aging and cognitive abilities concluded that decreases in intelligence are modest until people reach their eighties. Even at the age of 80, fewer than half of the individuals showed measurable decreases (Holt, 1998). And still another misconception is the belief that the elderly are set in their ways, that they are not open to change or capable of creativity. Research, again, has disproved suc h claims, showing that creativity is a personality trait and does not depend upon age (Ibid.). What then has led to these public misconceptions? Part of the problem could be a trait called cautiousness. Cautiousness in older adult problem-solving is "one of the most frequently mentioned performance-limiting factors" and is described as a "hesitancy about making responses that may be incorrect" (Salthouse, 1991). The research finding is that older adults do not perform as well as younger adults because older adults do not have as much success in solving logical problems, spatial ability problems, inductive reasoning problems, or practical problems. Younger adults tend to show a better performance if the task requi... ...and cautiousness in decision: A review of the literature. Human Development, 19, pp. 220-233. Parsons, H.M., Terner, J., and Kearsley, G. (1994). Design of remote control units for seniors, Experimental Aging Research, 20, pp. 211-218. Salthouse, T. A.. (1991). Theoretical perspectives on cognitive aging, Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. White, Heidi; McConnell, Eleanor; Clipp, Elizabeth; Bynum, Louise; Teague, Carmen; Navas, Luis; Craven, Sara; and Halbrecht, Herbert. (1999). Surfing the net in later life: A review of the literature and pilot study of computer use and quality of life. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 18(3), pp. 358-378. Zeithaml, V. A. and Gilly, M. C. (1987). Characteristics affecting the acceptance of retailing technologies: A comparison of elderly and nonelderly consumers, Journal of Retailing, 63, p. 4948.

Hubspot Case Study

Case Study: HubSpot 1. ** Do you agree with HubSpot that the â€Å"rules of marketing† have changed? If so, how? Is inbound marketing the answer? Why or why not? 1. I do agree with HubSpot that the â€Å"rules of marketing† have changed. But I do not think that the position of traditional outbound marketing will be totally replaced by inbound marketing. Inbound marketing is a type of marketing strategy through Internet that focuses on getting the qualified custom’ attention and attracting them to find out and learn about what they want and what they need.Companies using inbound marketing strategies relied on market research methods to gain and analyze the information about interests and needs of customers. In contrast, traditional outbound marketing strategies increase a company’s awareness and brand image by all kinds of advertising and promotional activities (such as TV commercials, print advertisements, direct marketing, etc) to find and attract custome rs. With the coming of the era of Web 2. 0, Internet usage becomes more and more common.As a result, inbound marketing contents (like blogs, videos, eBooks, and so on), SEO, and other online marketing and social media platforms will definitely support inbound marketing to become a very important type of marketing strategy. However, I think there will still be some room for outbound marketing in the future since it’s the basement of all kinds of marketing approaches. So I think the mix of inbound and outbound marketing will be the main trend for most companies during the era of Web 2. 0. 2. ** Is HubSpot finding and serving the right set of customers?Given its position as a start-up company, should it widen its focus to serve any customer that comes its way? Or narrow its target, by focusing exclusively on either Owner Ollies or Marketing Marys? Or by focusing exclusively on either B2B or B2C customers? 2. As a start-up company, in my opinion, HubSpot should narrow its target since they have relatively limited resources. Between the choices of Owner Ollies and Marketer Marys, HubSpot can choose one as their exclusive target during their start-up period.In spite the fact that Marketer Marys had more needs of HubSpot’s services and more money to spend on products like HubSpot, Owner Ollies accounts for 73% percent of total customers. Although the profit after acquiring Owner Ollies is much more, Marketer Marys are easier and cheaper to reach and more likely to acquire. As a start-up company, HubSpot needed more money and resources to get started and develop. So, in my opinion, they can narrow their target to Marketer Marys at first. 5. ** Halligan and Shah want HubSpot to be marketing what salesforce. com is to sales. What would your plan of action be to make this happen?Why would you take these actions? What keeps you up at night about your plan? 5. What I concerns the most about HubSpot is that it is facing the threat of competitions from larger a nd more established companies providing similar services. To make HubSpot at the position in marketing field as Salesforce. com in sales field, it is necessary to realize and learn about the competitions in the market. In my opinion, HubSpot needs to quickly go through the start-up period and enlarge to a certain size. Thus, they can expand their target much more widely, and then play to their advantages.

Bancassurance in Asia

China Traditionally, the main distribution channel for insurance in China has been through agents. However, with the introduction of bancassurance this has changed. The bancassurance models followed in China are distribution and joint ventures. The effect of bancassurance in the first quarter of 2010, was an increase in total premium income to $26. 91 billion, up 44% compared with the same period of 2009, this represents 8% higher compared to the overall insurance industry growth within the same period. Cotham, 2010) The main contributing factors for this trend have been the rapid growth of the Chinese economy leading to higher per capital income and the multiple economic reforms leading foreign companies to enter the insurance industry. In addition, the regulations introduced in 2003 played a major factor for the bancassurance growth. These regulations permitted banks to have multiple insurers as suppliers (â€Å"many-to-many† model).For instance, some major banks worked with 30 different suppliers for life insurance, and as many as 10 for property and casualty insurance. (Paribas, 2012) Although this model created growth, recently it has contributed to the slow down in the bancassurance market. Through this model, numerous complex insurance products were created and offered to clients by bank staff with minimal insurance expertise. As a result, demand decreased due to the lack of consumer understanding of the product and lack of trust.In addition, other major challenges in the bancassurance market are the financial market volatility (which makes insurance products less appealing compared to other wealth management products), intense competition and constant changes in regulations (particularly the introduction of CBRC 90 which prohibits insurance salesman from selling in banks). In turn, sales have declined. For instance, in 2011, sales through the bancassurance channel declined significantly and were blamed for an overall slowdown in premiums growth, from 29 percent to 11. KPMG,2012) India Just as in China, insurance products in India have been sold traditionally through agents. In addition, the insurance industry was entirely monopolized by the public sector. However, since the opening to private companies in the early 2000’s bancassurance through the distribution model has gained market share. In fact, it now accounts for about 25 per cent of new business for private insurers, with trends indicating that the proportion could rise to 40 per cent by the year 2013 (Cotham, 2012).In addition, India’s rapid economy has also played a major factor on bancassurance growth. However, just as China, India faces major challenges. The major challenges are poor manpower management, lack of a sales culture within the bank, no involvement by the branch manager, insufficient product promotions, failure to integrate marketing plans, marginal database expertise, poor sales channel linkages, inadequate incentives, resistance to chan ge, negative attitudes toward insurance and unwieldy marketing strategy. (Sarvanakumar, 2012)

Free Essays on Banking Concept

that mean nothing to students.  · The students record and memorizes the information but never really achieve true knowledge because they don’t know what it really means they become machines.  · Students input the data they are being taught this is how teachers know if they are doing their job.  · The banking concept of education consists of three things receiving, filling, and storing information therefore students can’t be really students.  · Knowledge is a gift given by those who consider themselves knowledgeable to those who don’t know anything. In this case the student.  · The teacher becomes superior to the students because he sees himself as a more knowledgeable person than the student because the students are more ignorant this is how he justifies his own existence.  · Then the students accept their ignorance to justify the teacher’s existence never realizing that they also educate the teacher.  · The teacher is the subject of the learning process, while the pupils are mere objects.  · Some students become passive and take knowledge without question.  · The oppressor in this case the teachers don’t like change.  · The oppressor must avoid the threat of student consciousness.  · Students must be slaves and shouldn’t be allowed to have the same thinking process as the teacher.  · The educator’s job is to regulate how the information enters the mind of the student.  · The banking concept attempts to control thinking and action, leads men to adjust to the world and inhibits their creative power. Problem Posing  · Through dialogue the teacher of the students and the students of the teacher cease to ... Free Essays on Banking Concept Free Essays on Banking Concept â€Å"The Banking Concept of Education† A. Banking Concept  · Teachers job is to fill the minds of students with information that is unrecognized to them. The information is concrete and abstract it’s all one sided the teachers do most of the talking and most of the time use words that mean nothing to students.  · The students record and memorizes the information but never really achieve true knowledge because they don’t know what it really means they become machines.  · Students input the data they are being taught this is how teachers know if they are doing their job.  · The banking concept of education consists of three things receiving, filling, and storing information therefore students can’t be really students.  · Knowledge is a gift given by those who consider themselves knowledgeable to those who don’t know anything. In this case the student.  · The teacher becomes superior to the students because he sees himself as a more knowledgeable person than the student because the students are more ignorant this is how he justifies his own existence.  · Then the students accept their ignorance to justify the teacher’s existence never realizing that they also educate the teacher.  · The teacher is the subject of the learning process, while the pupils are mere objects.  · Some students become passive and take knowledge without question.  · The oppressor in this case the teachers don’t like change.  · The oppressor must avoid the threat of student consciousness.  · Students must be slaves and shouldn’t be allowed to have the same thinking process as the teacher.  · The educator’s job is to regulate how the information enters the mind of the student.  · The banking concept attempts to control thinking and action, leads men to adjust to the world and inhibits their creative power. Problem Posing  · Through dialogue the teacher of the students and the students of the teacher cease to ...

hamlet research paper

hamlet research paper hamlet research paper Dwight Tucker March 11, 2013 English VI Ms. Morrell Hamlet Research Paper In William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, prince of Denmark has been interpreted in numerous ways. Throughout the play Hamlet takes on different roles, making it hard to define him as only one character type. Hamlet gave off the image he was insane at times when his mind was really at ease. Though it seems Hamlet is insane, there is evidence showing he is not a mad man. Hamlet says he is not mad almost throughout the whole book, shearing his feelings and emotions with just about anyone that means something to him. On the other hand even the ones that are close to him think otherwise. As a reader I could understand why they thought such ways about him. Hamlet is very angry at the fact that his mother married his father’s brother, right after his own death. Those actions triggered anger within hamlet that was only toward the ones that was after him. Mostly at King Claudius, but there is reason behind it all as Hamlet said â€Å"I am but mad north-north-west, when the wind is southerly, I know a hawk from a hand saw.†(II.ii.378-379). Hamlet means that when a certain situation happens, or when certain people are around, he can be mad. For example when he was talking to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern right before the play starts, they were thinking of what Hamlet meant so they can transfer the message to Claudius, but the message was too confusing for them to send. As said before there is method behind Hamlet so called madness, it’s all a part of a plan that him and King Hamlet strategized on top of the roof. Hamlet could easily obtain himself he states â€Å"It is not madness that I have uttered. Bring me to the test. I the matter will reword which madness would gamble from† (iii.iv.143-146) Hamlet is explaining that madness is not what he’s suffering from. If it were to come down to something that tested him, he would prove that he isn’t mad. Also to only have revenge on the murderer of his father on hi s mother new husband. He also tells her to stop seeing his uncle by saying â€Å"that aptly is put on refrain tonight† (iii.i.200). That’s the only way that Gertrude is going to see what she is doing wrong, and that is by stepping away from the situation. Hamlet is also pretending to act as if he is insane to fool King Claudius. So Hamlet begins to seek for information about his father death. Hamlet has met with his best friend Horatio and he tells Hamlet that he has seen his father as a ghost and he has requested that he want to talk with him. After the meeting between Hamlet and his father, he feels that its only right to put on an act. Hamlet says â€Å"As I perchance here after shall think meet to an antic disposition on† (i.v.172-173) after the conversation that his dead father had changes his attitude, which made him, put on an act to bother some of the people that were involved in his father death. As said by an outside sources â€Å"Hamlet pretends to be mad in order to deflect his uncles suspicion; his ruse is a complete failure, as indeed it logically open to a secret murder† (Greenblatt, 219) not only do Hamlet notice that it’s a secret murder the readers do to. Hamlet dislikes Claudius because of all the things that transpired with him and his mother. Because of this, Hamlet is very emotional and his hate toward Claudius just gets miscounted as â€Å"madness†. The hate toward him gets stronger, â€Å"O villain, villain, smiling, damned villain! My tables- meet it is I set it down that one may smile and smile and be a villain. At least I am sure it may be so in Denmark† (i.v.166-167) this is hamlet moving into the phase of anger at his father’s killer. The repetition also shows that he is really serious about this. Everything that’s done by hamlet is meaning behind it, there is logic, an explanation for majority of his actions. Not speaking for everything that hamlet has done he has thought about, but for the things he planned to do and mapped out. I find hamlets

Assessing the strengths and weaknesses of globalization

Assessing the strengths and weaknesses of globalization Globalization can be defined in a variety of ways since it is a very important term as it influences the global economies. It can be defined as the movement toward communications, financial, economic, and trade integration. Globalization entails opening out beyond nationalistic and local perspectives to a wider outlook of an interdependent and interconnected world through free transfer of goods, services, and capital over national frontiers. Globalization is a term that is frequently employed to place a trend in the direction of increased flow of ideas, money, goods, and services across national borders and the resultant consolidation of the global economy (Waters 2001, pg.36). Globalization is closely related to international trade which can be defined as the exchange of goods, services, and capital across territories or national border. The increase in the international trade enhances the continuance of globalization. If there were no international trade, then apparently nations w ould not get access to the variety of goods and services produced in different nations of the world (World Bank 2008, pg.56). It has been found that globalization does not involve unhindered labor movement, and as intimated by some economists, globalization may hurt fragile or smaller economies if practiced indiscriminately. Globalization is generally recognized as being goaded by a combination of technological, political, economic, biological and socio-cultural factors. From some other perspective, globalization can refer to the multinational circulation of languages, popular culture, or ideas by acculturation (Tomlinson 1999, pg. 123). This paper will provide an outstanding analysis of the weaknesses and strengths the term globalization. Strengths of globalization Supporters of globalization contend that globalization can possibly better the world economically by solving many problems which are deep-seated for example poverty and unemployment. According to the economic theory, inc reased globalization will lower the wage of unskilled labor in developed nations and raise the wage of unskilled labor within the developing nations as the two groups start to trade with each other. Globalization generates resources and encourages the transfer of ideas that can be utilized for both individual and community improvement. Among many other things, globalization makes rural economic diversification and agricultural productivity gains more achievable. Globalization also makes environmental stewardship, improved conditions of living, and food security more attainable. Due to globalization, the marginal can now get the opportunity to exhibit themselves in the world market (Bauman 1998, pg.121). Globalization encourages the industrialized nations to provide significant market places for exports of poor individuals within poor countries. The global agricultural and food companies can assist the third world countries incorporate required safety, and quality practices by gettin g access to markets in developed nations. Since globalization means delocalization of various enterprises within the word, many people can get access to many industries and in due course globalization promotes economic growth in the global world, brings about competition among companies, enables producers and retailers to reduce the prices of various commodities so that consumers can afford them and therefore increases the demand on the commodities. Because of the increased efficiency, the welfare is raised by offering more affordable goods and services such that the purchasing power is increased. Globalization reallocates capital and labor to more efficient and effective lines of production. Globalization helps poor countries by infusions of technology and foreign capital which enhances economic development. The economic development due to globalization brings modern ways of connecting people, from roads to electricity to telecommunications. The global companies offer training to e mployees and provide time, money and talent that helps them to address needs of the community, lifting communal and individual aspirations and providing ways for accomplishing them. Since globalization brings about spreading of prosperity, it enables various countries to possess conditions in which respect for human right and democracy can flourish (Appadurai 1996, pg.65).

Overview of Ryan Air Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Overview of Ryan Air - Essay Example In the years1990 and 1991, the firm had new management and this resulted into a complete overhaul. The firm adopted some practices of Southwest Airline and this made it to cut its routes to 5 from 19. By the year 1991, Ryan Air was in possession of 6 aircrafts, 350 workers, and besides, it carried about 700,000 passengers annually in the five routes and from the year 1991 to the year1997, the firm increased the fleets it had to 21, and besides, it increased the routes it followed. All through this period, the number of passengers continued to grow because of the low fares that were charged by the firm. The firm was prevented from expanding its market by strict regulations that were enforced on the European airlines. However, the year 1997 was a turning point for the airline industry in Europe and for Ryan Air; this was because the regulations that prevented the airlines form expanding their boundaries were lifted and the airlines had the opportunity of establishing newer routes so as to cover the whole continent of Europe; thus this made Ryan Air to expand its routes. By the year 2001, Ryan Air had the largest travel website in the whole of Europe and in a span of three months after the launch of the website in the year 2000; it got more than 50,000 online bookings in a week. The firm realized that passengers were in need of transportation which was very fast and also inexpensive and for the firm to offer the cheap transportation method, low costs as well as efficiency were vital. Therefore, Ryanair changed business within the industry by providing lower charges and despite this; they have managed to make consistent profits through reduced costs. Through the use of Southwest model of lower costs, Ryan air developed a strategy, which was different from the ones of Lufthansa, British Airways, as well as Air France, for instance Ryan air made use of one aircraft fleet that ensured there were economies of scale in planning as well as training its crews, stocking sp are parts and also maintenance of its planes (Leocha). The firm also transitioned from B737-200s as well as B737-300s, which was bought by the firm as second hand to newer B737-800s. The firm reduced maintenance costs by introducing newer aircraft and besides, the productivity as well as the efficiency of the firm also improved through the use of no-frills methodology. Customary, in-flight services like seat allocation, complimentary drinks, meals and provision of newspapers were eliminated by the firm, rather, the company got a lot of profits from the minor services through charging passengers for in-flight services as well as additional travel expenses like travel insurance. Besides, workers were always compensated when sales were made and therefore, Ryan Air benefited through increased profits as well as efficiency. The passenger base of Ryanair grew to 23.1 million in the year 2003 down from 6.1 million in 2000. During this period, the profits made by the firm greatly increased to â‚ ¬226.5 million from â‚ ¬72.5 million. The competition within the airline industry in Europe was changed by low-cost-low frills strategy of RyanAir and this made a number of other low-cost operators to amalgamate to counter competition. The objective of Ryanair is to establish itself firmly as the leading low-fares airline in Europe through persistent improvements as

The importance of peer relationships for children social development Essay

The importance of peer relationships for children social development - Essay Example Social development entails continued enhancement of skills relevant to help ones interact with the immediate social environment consisting of people and prevailing conditions and situations. The peer relationships development in children is aided by the combined role played by parents, practitioners as well as the attitudes of the children being taught. Moreover, peer relationships create a sense of responsibility in children, eradication of loneliness caused by family troubles, as well as the enhancement of social competence. These are rationales to the development of social development in an individual. Many problems in children are as a result of poor social upbringing, which ultimately leads to the withdrawal of some children from their peers. However, the recent years have seen researchers, scholars, as well as academicians getting actively involved in the study of the effects of peer relationships in human life (Ford and Harris, 1999). The discussion in this paper aims at inves tigating into the importance of peer relationships in social development. The role of practitioners is crucial to establish at this juncture, as well as the key elements of peer relationships to enhance a better understanding. The reasons as to why children withdraw from their peers as well as the rationale of peer relationships in the future life of children will also be established. Key elements of peer relationships Peer relationships are attributed to a number of significant elements, which include self/irritability, family, school and peers as well as work. Self/ irritability element determines the response of distinct individuals to occurrences/ phenomenon. Some children who are faced with difficulties resulting from physical, family troubles, abandonment, resiliency, and exceptionality respond slowly to peer-relationships. In contrast, those in the relevant contexts often demonstrate a quick response to the peer relationships. Secondly, family context plays a pivotal role in the performance of a child in the social realms. Bronfenbrenner’s systems refer this as the main micro-system influence (Siegel, 2008). Mesosystems explain the influence that occurs as a result of how children respond to the immediate environments, which are composed of a connection between any of the two micro-systems. For instance, a connection between family and school, a child who has difficulties in family life will definitely have difficulties interacting with teachers as well as other children. Recent research has indicated teachers as contributors of poor peer relationships due to their utilization of favoritism on some children. The same is impacted in the societal set up since the child has already developed a negative attitude. Peers are also long-term rationales for the extents of peer relationships and finally social development. These are the friends that one has to interact with in all contexts. Harsh treatment by some peers is also a major cause of withdrawal. Some peers also result in poor

How to develop a teaching plan for diabetes management for nurses Essay

How to develop a teaching plan for diabetes management for nurses - Essay Example Their teaching plan need proper customizations to this population and find ways that will help evaluate and monitor the program. Create a needs assessment survey Needs assessment survey briefly is a way of asking a group of a selected population what they see as the most important needs of that group. The analysis of the survey results are then used in guiding the future actions of the nurses. Generally, the needs most rated are therefore, addressed first depending on the available resources thus taking different forms. The resources will determine which type of survey to be carried out, such as informal methods for example, asking around in the community, friends, or postal carriers (Franz, 2001). Information is also retrieved from local hospitals where several people get their diagnosis, additionally it can also take the form of a professional-written survey, and then it is emailed to several people. Moreover, a need assessment survey have some common characteristics, for example, they have pre-set list of questions to be answered by the willing people, they also have a pre-determined sample of the number of participants to answer these questions. Finally, the results of the survey are then tabulated, summarized, dispersed, discussed, and then used (Funnell, Brown, Childs, Haas, Hosey, Jensen, & Weiss, 2009). In this case, the need assessment survey will be done on a small town population where the purpose will be to develop a program for the diabetic population in the effort to educate them on self-management. Therefore, the objective of the survey is getting to know the needs of diabetic patients also how the nurses can help them cope with their changing lifestyle. The first thought of this project is what the nurses can do to evaluate the needs of the targeted group and implement them appropriately in the proposed program. The first step will be compiling a list of relevant questions and relevant topics that would be useful in the assessment. This will ens ure that the targeted group provided the required information in the assessment (Funnell, Brown, Childs, Haas, Hosey, Jensen, & Weiss, 2009). The other step is developing, for example, a questioner that will be provided to the targeted group and then distributed to the citizens of the town. Included with the assessment is an information page about the survey also a page for the residents of the town to fill if they were interested in the next part of the program. After the responses from the residents, an analysis of the results will be done to display the resident’s view. This will help learn how the program will be funded financially, how it will be managed in terms of administrators, and how the participants will be selected. This need assessment survey will help the nurses in various ways. First, the analyzed answers will provide quantitative facts about how people with diabetes feel; also, it will help the nurses develop teaching plans for their patients (Funnell, Brown, Childs, Haas, Hosey, Jensen, & Weiss, 2009). Evaluate needs assessment to define areas of focus Need evaluation is a commonly used in program planning, where it helps determine which program aspects or activities are the mostly needed and for the specific population. Most importantly, this method is used to help build up new programs or else justifying the existing program

Employment law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Employment law - Essay Example Newspaper Ltd) it was held that an act of insubordination or disobedience or misconduct can warrant a summary dismissal only if it is demonstrated that the employee has renounced the terms of contract or one of its important conditions. Thus, in case of insubordination dismissal, it depends upon factors like status of the employee, the past track record of the employee and the social scenarios prevailed at that time. In Blyth v The Scottish Liberal Club (1983), wilful disobedience to adhere the superior’s order like a decline to attend meeting was regarded as insubordination2. In Wilson v Racher case, the defendant dismissed the gardener as there was heated argument over the gardener’s early departure on a previous Friday. In this case, there was no allegation of insolence or inefficiency and the Court of Appeal held that whether the attitude of the gardener was insubordinate and insulting to such magnitude as to be irreconcilable with the prolonging of the relationship of servant and master and hence, the dismissal was held to be unfair3. In Macari v Celtic Football and Athletic Co Ltd, it was held by the Court of Session that employees were not warranted to adhere with orders that had been issued in bad faith in scenarios where the employer was unfriendly with the employee. Further, the order issued to the employee in such a bad faith to the magnitude that it was obvious that the order had been issued with some ulterior motive and to mainly to harass or embarrass the employee4. Thus, in cases of insubordination, EAT (Employment Appellate Tribunal] will not just look at the order itself and the employee’s refusal to adhere the instruction of his employer but EAT will also give consideration to the reality and the actual background under which such order was issued. In Cavanagh v Dunnes Stores, an employee was dismissed as he declined to relocate from the Head office to a store in the ILAC centre though the employee had initially given his consent for

Making Solar Energy Economical PowerPoint Presentation

Making Solar Energy Economical - PowerPoint Presentation Example The demand for energy is dependent on properties of conversion means, technologies, and costs. Human energy makes use of resources that can be depleted in particular fossil fuels derived from the preferences. Market forces and cartels may guide a transition back to sources that are renewable. Energy as such has its effects and they come in terms of very heavy environmental costs. At the end of it they are incorporated into the energy cost and prices leading to overuse of energy and motivate policy inventions. Focusing on human utilization of the energy commodities and energy resources and the aftermath of that utilization is the main discussion of many experts. From an economist’s perspective the economic terminology, â€Å"energy† is inclusive of all energy resources and energy resources that have significant amounts of physical energy and as such can perform work. Partly, the study focuses on forces that lead economic agents to pursue alternatives in terms of other ec onomically efficient provision and use of energy resources and commodities. The role of alternative energy market and regulatory rules on the activities of producing energy is a point of consideration for these studies. There is a kind of energy that can be replenished in a short period of time called renewable energy, which comes from sources that frequently being recycled and usually less polluting than energy from fossil fuels. There are five main categories of renewable energy: wind and solar, biomass, geothermal, hydropower among which the solar energy, provided by heat and sunlight, has been utilized least yet. However, solar energy holds a number of benefits for societies and it has already proven to have positive effects on residential homes and industrial applications. For many years, the economic choice of energy to use has been solar energy in many industries. In this areas power is required at remote locations without government help, as the vast majority of systems used need few kilowatts of power. Also, solar energy is frequently used on transportation signaling. For example, offshore navigation buoys, lighthouses, and increasingly, road traffic warning signals are using solar power due to its power saving efficiency. Solar power’s great benefit here is that it is highly reliable and requires little maintenance so it is ideal to use in places that are hard to access. Following are some details of the major advantages of solar energy. Primarily, as mentioned above, solar power is particularly useful in remote areas where it is lack of regular electricity supply. Moreover, a lot of greenhouse gases such as nitrogen oxide, carbon dioxide, mercury or sulphur dioxide that come from many traditional fuels have been kept from releasing into the atmosphere, and it greatly contributes to the decrease of harmful green house gas emissions. Accordingly, solar energy is extremely environmentally friendly. In addition, solar energy systems are free of c harge substantially on conservation and will last for a relatively long period. Once installed, there are no recurring costs. They do not require you to add any fuel. More solar panels can be set up in the future with your energy requirements increase. Energy security is the guarantee of a reliable and stable supply of energy at reasonable economic prices. Relying on main energy sources such as oil and

Quality Reliability and Maintenance Research Paper

Quality Reliability and Maintenance - Research Paper Example 2. QUESTION 4: Describe and then critically assess how your company designs, develops and produces a new product or service. Suggest practical ways in which current methods could be improved and explain the likely benefits to be gained from application of your suggestions. Table of Contents 1. Table of Contents 3 1.QUESTION 2 4 1.1 INTRODUCTION 4 1.2 SIX SIGMA DEFINITION AND EXPLANATION OF SIX SIGMA 4 1.3 DEFINITION OF EFQM AND A BRIEF DESCRIPTION 7 1.4 THE MANNER IN WHICH SIX SIGMA ADDRESSES EFQM MODEL 8 1.5 ACTIONS OF EFQM THAT SIX SIGMA DOESN’T COVER 9 1.6 CONCLUSION 10 2.0 Question 4 10 2.1 INTRODUCTION 10 2.1.1 THE DESIGN PHASE 11 2.1.2 THE DEVELOPMENT PHASE 12 2.1.3 THE PRODUCTION PHASE 13 2.2 WHAT DMADV IS IN DESIGN OF SIX SIGMA 13 2.2.1 DEFINE 14 2.2.2 MEASURE 14 2.2.3 ANALYSE 15 2.2.4 DESIGN 16 2.2.5 VERIFY 16 2.3 A DETAILED EXPLANATION OF DMADV APPROACH. 17 2.4 IMPROVING THIS APPROACH. 18 2.5 CONCLUSION 19 BIBILIOGRAPHY/ REFERENCES 20 Graham Cartwright and John Oakla nd (2007) Lean Six Sigma – Making it ‘Business as Usual’. ... AINING DURATION OF BELTS IN SIX SIGMA 18 1.QUESTION 2 1.1 INTRODUCTION Most organisation in the world have concerns over process improvements in order to operate in the competitive market. Many CEO’s have been forced on implementing tools that will help them work smarter. This requires deep understanding of the business processes of the enterprise or the holistic overview of the organisation, as well as the ability to execute change on these processes. Tools focus generally in ensuring the organisation find a way to survive in the competitive All tools are Important but depending on certain situations one tool may be ideal to the other. Managers should be able to know when to use a tool depending on the advantages and disadvantages of the tools. Changing of tools enables the organisation run smoothly in the market gaining advantages that can’t be seen by its competitors, 1.2 SIX SIGMA DEFINITION AND EXPLANATION OF SIX SIGMA It is defined as a management approachwhich ai ms at improving the quality of processes by minimizing and eventually removing the errors and defects. This concept is developed to ensure that the customer’s satisfactions and requirements are meet and put in place.Tomkins (1997) defines that Six Sigma is aprogramme aimed at the near-elimination of defects from every product, process and transaction.Six sigma implies 3 main features statistical management, management strategy and quality culture.In fact, any process which does not lead to customer satisfaction is referred to as a defect and has to be eliminated from the system to ensure superior quality of products and services.The goal of the statistical quality control as a feature within the Six Sigma Methodology is to determine whether something has gone wrong with the manufacturing system. By

Making Solar Energy Economical PowerPoint Presentation

Making Solar Energy Economical - PowerPoint Presentation Example The demand for energy is dependent on properties of conversion means, technologies, and costs. Human energy makes use of resources that can be depleted in particular fossil fuels derived from the preferences. Market forces and cartels may guide a transition back to sources that are renewable. Energy as such has its effects and they come in terms of very heavy environmental costs. At the end of it they are incorporated into the energy cost and prices leading to overuse of energy and motivate policy inventions. Focusing on human utilization of the energy commodities and energy resources and the aftermath of that utilization is the main discussion of many experts. From an economist’s perspective the economic terminology, â€Å"energy† is inclusive of all energy resources and energy resources that have significant amounts of physical energy and as such can perform work. Partly, the study focuses on forces that lead economic agents to pursue alternatives in terms of other ec onomically efficient provision and use of energy resources and commodities. The role of alternative energy market and regulatory rules on the activities of producing energy is a point of consideration for these studies. There is a kind of energy that can be replenished in a short period of time called renewable energy, which comes from sources that frequently being recycled and usually less polluting than energy from fossil fuels. There are five main categories of renewable energy: wind and solar, biomass, geothermal, hydropower among which the solar energy, provided by heat and sunlight, has been utilized least yet. However, solar energy holds a number of benefits for societies and it has already proven to have positive effects on residential homes and industrial applications. For many years, the economic choice of energy to use has been solar energy in many industries. In this areas power is required at remote locations without government help, as the vast majority of systems used need few kilowatts of power. Also, solar energy is frequently used on transportation signaling. For example, offshore navigation buoys, lighthouses, and increasingly, road traffic warning signals are using solar power due to its power saving efficiency. Solar power’s great benefit here is that it is highly reliable and requires little maintenance so it is ideal to use in places that are hard to access. Following are some details of the major advantages of solar energy. Primarily, as mentioned above, solar power is particularly useful in remote areas where it is lack of regular electricity supply. Moreover, a lot of greenhouse gases such as nitrogen oxide, carbon dioxide, mercury or sulphur dioxide that come from many traditional fuels have been kept from releasing into the atmosphere, and it greatly contributes to the decrease of harmful green house gas emissions. Accordingly, solar energy is extremely environmentally friendly. In addition, solar energy systems are free of c harge substantially on conservation and will last for a relatively long period. Once installed, there are no recurring costs. They do not require you to add any fuel. More solar panels can be set up in the future with your energy requirements increase. Energy security is the guarantee of a reliable and stable supply of energy at reasonable economic prices. Relying on main energy sources such as oil and

Langston Hughes Essay Example for Free

Langston Hughes Essay Langston Hughes had become one of the most resounding names in American Literature. Of course, the primary reason for his success would be his adept use of words and the message he wants to convey. However, his racial profile could have also come into play in his popularity. But no one could deny the talent of Hughes in his work. His works display intricate design and a significant message such as on â€Å"Salvation. † Langston Hughes had become one of the best known writers because the messages that he wants to convey are of great value to the society, particularly the value of being proud of one’s race. He was born into a relatively large family wherein he had eight siblings. His parents had separated and he had to be taken in by his grandmother. Unfortunately, his grandmother died and again he had to be taken in by family friends. This unstable custody of Langston Hughes could direct us to the assumption that he did not live a happy childhood. Although, it could also lead us to the assumption that his unstable childhood had profoundly influenced him to be writer later in life. At a very young age, Langston Hughes was seemingly being trained unknowingly by the people around. As a child, he used to listen to the black American oral tradition of storytelling. His young mind was inculcated with the value of race to an individual. As the young Langston Hughes develops consciousness about the things that are happening around him, he is introduced to the bitter realities of life. During Hughes’ time, racism is a prevalent problem of the society. This aspect of his biography is one of the most likely reason why Langston Hughes had become a writer. His passion to fight racism is one of the main driving force of his writings. His first poem was titled â€Å"Crisis†, which was published in 1921. The concept of salvation had captivated the mind of Langston Hughes. And in relation to his writing, he may have wanted to convey how people like him, who experiences racism, experience real salvation. His works seemingly suggests that salvation could be found from within one’s self. His messages for the young people are seemingly a call for being saved from the oppression set against them by the society. If Langston Hughes did not become a writer, it is likely that he would have become a full time activist against racial discrimination. His concern for the society, especially for Black Americans is something that even he could not dismiss easily. One of his best known work is on the poem â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers. † From the title alone, the readers are already hinted that this poem would be about race, as hinted by the term â€Å"Negro. Although there could be multiple readings about the poem, the point is that it is a beautiful poem. Hughes may have wanted to tell the world that Black Americans are just as good as any race in terms of poetry. The poem is like Hughes’ statement that dares racists to say to question if Black Americans could write beautiful poems. All in all, Langston Hughes had become of the best known writers because he had become the voice for the underrepresented black community. In many respects, he had introduced the black community to the world.

Clinical Risk Management Health And Social Care Essay

Clinical Risk Management Health And Social Care Essay The aim of this essay to provide the reader with insight to the term clinical risk management and how this is implemented within NHS trusts focusing particularly on the role of Pharmacists in doing this. Objectives: Defining clinical risk management and discussing its importance Discussing ways in which trusts implement clinical risk management Defining what is a medication error and identifying the role of the pharmacist to reduce these Discussing systems or processes in place in my base hospital to reduce medication errors 1.0 Importance of clinical risk management Clinical governance was first mentioned in British Health policy in 1997 as a term used to describe the accountability processes for clinical quality of care. It evolved as a system to address and respond to a series of high profile media cases highlighting poor quality patient care as revealed in the Nottingham IT vincristine disaster, Bristol Heart surgery, Shimpan and Alder Hey organ retention. During I997 in England, the Department of Health published the white paper the New NHS; modern, dependable which introduced Clinical governance as a method of accounting for clinical quality in health care but really came to prominence in 1998 when Scally and Donaldson appraised Clinical governance and the drive for quality improvement in the NHS   in the British Medical Journal. The paper highlighted four components of quality as initially identified by the World Health Organisation: Professional performance (technical quality) Resource use (efficiency) Risk management (risk of injury or illness associated with the service provided) Patient satisfaction with the service provided. Majority of NHS care is of a very high standard and in comparison to the high volume of care provided on a daily basis in hospital and community, incidence of serious failures are uncommon.1 However when they do occur, they have devastating consequences for individual patients and families.1 Greater patient expectations, knowledge and media exposure of high profile cases have resulted in the NHS being scrutinized focusing on its policies of operation, facilities and operating culture. It is estimated that an average of 850,000 adverse events may occur in the NHS hospital sector each year resulting in a  £2billion direct cost in additional hospital days alone.1 Poor clinical performance results in patient harm and loss of patients confidence in the NHS services as well as an increase in litigation costs.4 In 2009/10, 6,652 claims of clinical negligence and 4,074 claims of non-clinical negligence against NHS bodies were received by the NHS Litigation Authority, up from 6,088 claims of clinical negligence and 3,743 claims of non-clinical negligence in 2008/09.4  £787 million was paid in connection with clinical negligence claims during 2009/10, up from  £769 million in 2008/09.4 Errors are discussed as either human or systematic in the Department of Health document An organisation with a memory. As an NHS organisation the focus is systematic, a more holistic approach when dealing with errors. This approach recognises the importance of resilience within organisations and that errors result as a number of interacting factors and failures within the system.1 NHS Quality Improvement Scotland (NHS QIS) clinical governance and risk management standards define risk management as the: Systematic identification and treatment of risk Continuous process of reducing risk to organisations and individuals alike Culture, processes and structures that are directed towards realising potential opportunities whilst managing adverse events In the past, clinical risk management was poorly managed in the NHS. There were no individuals designated to manage risk management, incident reporting in primary care was largely ignored, there was no standard approach to incident investigation, and existing systems did not facilitate learning across the NHS.1 In the 1990s there was a concerted drive to develop risk management and risk management within NHS organisations.1 Following on from this there has been an increased awareness of the cause of medication errors in NHS trusts and how these can be prevented.1 In 2000, the government made a commitment to reduce the rate of serious errors by 40%. The advances in technology and knowledge in recent decades has resulted in a more complex healthcare system.2 This complexity carries risks and evidence indicates that things do and will go wrong in the NHS sometimes resulting in patient harm.2 The NHS quality improvement strategy1 encompasses; Clear national quality standards; NICE, NSF Dependable local delivery; systems of clinical governance in NHS organisations Strong monitoring mechanisms; a new statutory commission for health improvement, an NHS performance assessment framework, and a national survey of NHS patient and user experience. It is hoped adaptation of these approaches in individual NHS organisations should have a positive impact on the development to detect, prevent and learn from system failures at a local level.1 The introduction of clinical governance provides NHS organisations with a powerful imperative to focus on tackling adverse health care events1. The time is right for a fundamental re-thinking of the way that the NHS approaches the challenges of learning from an adverse health care event.1 2.0 Implementing Risk Management within NHS trusts The Department of Health publication An organisation with a memory facilitated the patient safety movement in the NHS.2 It proposed solutions to risk management incidences through a culture of openness, reporting and safety consciousness within NHS organisations.2 Four Key areas highlighted from this report were:2 Unified mechanisms for reporting and analysis when things go wrong; A more open culture in which incidents or service failures can be reported and discussed; Systems and monitoring processes to ensure that where lessons are identified the necessary changes are put into practice; A much wider appreciation of the value of the systems approach in preventing, analyzing and learning from patient safety incidents. In response to an organisation with a memory, the Government report Building a safer NHS for patients focuses on how to implement these recommendations2. It outlined a blueprint for a national Incident reporting system and discussed the role of the National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA).2 The NPSA was set up by the Department of Health in 2001 with the aim of preventing harm from high risk medicines. The NPSA produced the National Incident reporting and Learning system (NRLS) to set priorities, develop and disseminate actionable learning following reports of patient safety incidents. Following this guidance all NHS trusts should have a risk management strategy in place. This includes systems for the identification of all risks which may compromise delivery of patient care. To aid with this trusts are obliged to deliver patient services in compliance with statutory regulations according to national and local requirements highlighting the level and quality of services required. The implementation of risk management policies within NHS trusts will be overseen by Clinical Governance managers and Risk managers4. Trust Risk management strategies will need to be regularly reviewed and audited; individual trusts will have Risk Managers within each department to oversee this4. The Trust Board will ensure that risk management, quality and safety receive priority and the necessary resources within budgets. Pharmacy departments will have a medicines management team comprising of a risk management pharmacist to implement risk management at a local level. The Risk management pharmacist will ensure staff are aware of risk management issues both locally and nationally and will update staff on actions to be taken to minimise risk thereby promoting compliance with external risk management standards. The risk management pharmacist will also need to ensure local risk management policies are kept up to date. In order to deliver the risk management agenda, individual trusts must meet the requirements of the NHS Litigation Authority Risk Management standards and the Care Quality Commission standards (CQC) from the Health and Social Act 2008. From April 2010, NHS providers will need to register with the CQC and provide proof of adherence to standards set by the CQC5. 2.1 National Patient safety agency and National Reporting Learning System In 2001, following the publication of the Department of Health document and Organisation with a Memory1 the National Patient safety agency (NPSA) was set up. The introduction of the NPSA has for the first time provided a systematic focus on medication safety6. The aim of the NPSA is to lead and contribute to improved, safe patient care by informing, supporting and influencing organisations and people working in the health sector with one core purpose to improve patient safety by reducing the risk of harm through error7. The NPSAs initiative was to identify patterns and trends in avoidable adverse events so that the NHS could implement changes to prevent these incidents from reoccurring. The NPSA will 2, 8: Collect and analyze information an adverse events in the NHS Assimilate other safety-related information from a variety of existing reporting systems Learn lessons and ensure that they are fed back into practice Where risks are identified, produce solutions to prevent harm, specify national goal and establish mechanisms to track progress The NPSA then went onto produce the National Incident Reporting and Learning system (NRLS) which aims to identify and reduce the risks to patients receiving NHS care and leads on national initiatives to improve patient safety. There are NHSLA risk management standards for each type of NHS health care organisation. The standards will address clinical and non-clinical health and safety risks.4 Individual trusts will be examined regularly and measured against standards to ensure a risk management strategy has been devised, it is in place throughout the trust, it is workable.4 This will minimise litigation costs resulting in more funds available to trusts to improve patient care; providing an incentive for better clinical and non-clinical risk management. The NRLS collects confidential data on medication errors from all NHS trusts in England and Wales and improves patient safety by enabling the NHS to learn from patient safety incidents8. This builds on incident reporting systems that were previously used on an adhoc basis in individual trusts. The NRLS reporting system has been designed to be compatible with local risk management systems that are used in majority of NHS organisations.2 NRLS reports are analyzed by clinicians and safety experts8 and key themes and trends contributing to patient safety incidents are identified.2 Steps are then taken to minimize these risks through the development and prioritisation of national solutions. Trusts reporting incidents regularly suggest a stronger organisational culture of safety.8 Encouraging staff to report clinical incidents affecting patient safety can help implement risk management strategies within NHS trusts. The more incident reports submitted the more data available to rapidly identify and act upon patient safety incidents. The NRLS suggests trusts should be submitting incident reports monthly.8 In pharmacy these will mostly involve incidents relating to medication errors. The development and promotion of the NHS fair blame culture encouraged error reporting reassuring staff the root causes of errors will be looked into. However, lack of awareness and fear of disciplinary action remain as some of the main barriers to incident reporting.8 To overcome this staff need to be adequately trained on when and how to report clinical incidents. At my base hospital, incident-reporting training is included in the trust induction and at a local pharmacy level as an in-house induction. Each trust incident is graded in accordance to standardised NPSA scoring systems; 1 being minor with no harm to patient ranging to catastrophic level 5 i.e. patient death. Following the completion of an online incident form, the risk lead for that particular area will receive a copy of the report. These reports will be analysed and appropriately graded and any serious incidents will then be reported to the Trust Board via the risk management committee. A report by the NPSA stated the most commonly reported medicine related incidents to be:8 Wrong dose, strength and frequency of medicines Wrong medicine Delayed and omitted doses Medicine related incidents will be reported to the Risk Management pharmacist who will provide feedback to the pharmacy team. All category 4 and 5 incidents have a full root-cause analysis performed and are submitted to the NRLS. These reports are then analysed by the NPSA, and if necessary rapid response alerts are produced.1, 8 Rapid response alerts act as a crucial means to focus the efforts of trust clinical risk managers into proven high risk areas.8 Delayed and omitted doses of medication led to the production of a recent rapid response alert. This alert was delivered to trusts by the NPSA via the NHSs Central Alerting system.8 On receipt of this alert, trusts were expected to respond and act upon requests contained within it within the specified deadline provided. Each alert contains instructions for regular audits in order to review the action taken. 3.0 Medication Errors Most medication are not without adverse effects and most side effects and adverse events are predictable, thus exposure to these adverse events can be minimised or avoided through careful prescribing and usage. Nevertheless some adverse effects are unpredictable and therefore unavoidable.6 However medication errors occurring as a result of mistakes or lapses when medications are prescribed dispensed or used are avoidable. These can be related to practice, procedures, products or systems. 6 Medication errors as defined by the NPSA are any preventable event(s) that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the health care professional, patient or consumer. Such events may be related to professional practice, health care products, procedures and systems, including prescribing; order communication; product labeling, packaging and nomenclature; compounding; dispensing; distribution; administration; education; monitoring; and use. 10 Numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the incidence and outcomes of medication-related harm. A 2008 study conducted in an emergency department in Scotland found 2.7% of admissions were related to adverse drug reactions. 11 In 56.7% of cases the adverse drug reaction was the documented reason for admission but only 13.3% were considered to be unavoidable.11 Another study carried out by Charles Vincent reviewed more than 1000 records and found that 10.8% of patients experienced an adverse event and that half of these were preventable.12 It was found that a third of these adverse events led to either serious consequences or death.12 Medication errors also occur in other health care systems, and is estimated harmful errors occur in 1.8% of hospital admissions in the United States, leading to about 7,000 deaths each year.6 Similarly, an Australian study showed that 0.8% of inpatients suffered a harmful medication error.6 3.1 Why do medication errors occur? To be able to reduce the risk of medication errors, the cause of medication errors need to be understood.6 Previously medication errors were thought to be the sole responsibility of the individuals considered to be the cause of the error. However, now a more holistic approach is taken and it is acknowledged errors occur when both human and system factors interact in a chain of events often complex- resulting in an undesirable outcome.6 Not only the individual at fault but latent conditions within an organisation and triggering factors in clinical practice should also be considered as important causes of error as well.6 As Lucian Leape, the Physician and Professor at Harvan school of Public Health said: Human beings make mistakes because the systems, tasks and processes they work in are poorly designed. 6 Human factors result from the individual and may occur due to lack of training and education and lapses in concentration. System errors result from the running of the organisation and the lack of policies and procedures in place to reduce clinical risk. Recent experience shows in certain situations those safeguards have not been adequate and have failed to prevent serious error and harm to the patient.6 Active failures and latent conditions cause holes in the defence system to open up.6 The active failures occur as a result of unsafe practices of the people working with a system, examples include the prescriber failing to double check a prescription, or the pharmacist failing to identify an incorrect dose on a prescription.6 Latent conditions occur due to the structure of the organisation and its resources, management and processes in place.6 These either alone or in combination with an active failure, can lead to error. Examples include the lack of a computerised prescribing system with inbuilt systems to highlight an erroneous prescription or the lack of an effective communication system between primary and secondary care.6 3.2 The role of the pharmacist in managing medication errors Pharmacists as experts in medicines have an invaluable role in reducing medication errors. As a profession and specialists in the careful use of medicines we are best placed to minimise the risks associated with medication usage.12 The government safety of doses report recommended seven action points to improve medication safety. These are:13 Increase reporting and learning from medication incident. Implementation and audit of NPSA medication alerts guidance. Improve staff training and competence. Minimising dose errors. Ensure medicines not omitted. Ensure correct medicine correctly labeled gets to the patient. Document patient allergy status. The three areas of focus in medication error reduction for Pharmacists to detect and prevent are:12 Risk in the medicine itself. Risk in the manufacture, storage, and distribution of medicines. Risk in use of medicines. Pharmacy departments as a whole are similar to high quality manufacturing units and test each stage in the production, storage and distribution of medicines.12 Pharmacists are involved in almost all stages of the medication cycle from clinically checking of the prescription to the accuracy checking and final release of the medication dispensed. Within the pharmacy culture there is the expectation for errors to occur and consequently systems have been developed and put in place to minimise these.12 Examples of pharmacy services to reduce medication related errors in hospitals are:12 Checking of prescriptions and supplying of drugs. Ward drug charts. Use of our knowledge and pharmacokinetics to assess toxic and sub-therapeutic doses. Quality control and assurance measures. 3.2.1 Ward based Pharmacy services Pharmacy services at ward level were first proposed as a health policy in 1970 and have proven to detect and prevent prescribing errors.12 The role of the pharmacist is ever evolving and pharmacists are becoming recognised as an integral part of the multi-disciplinary team. The pharmacists role has moved on from the traditional supply role to a more clinical role allowing pharmacists to use their specialist knowledge surrounding medication use to reduce medication errors at ward level. Pharmacists are a lot more active at ward level and as such are now the first port of call for advice on medication by patients and other health care professionals. The pharmacists role also extends to medicines management and formulary development, medicines information and involvement in various dispensing stages. Throughout these different roles the pharmacists remain active in promoting safer practice and reduction of medication errors. 3.2.2 Medicines Reconciliation Medicines reconciliation is a process designed to ensure that all medication a patient is currently taking is correctly documented on admission and at each transfer of care. It encompasses: Collection Checking Communicating The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) in collaboration with the NPSA issued guidance to ensure appropriate processes are in place to assure any medication patients are taking prior to admission is properly documented on admission to hospital.8 The NPSA reported the number of incidents of medication errors involving admission and discharge as 7070 with 2 fatalities and 30 that caused severe harm (figures from November 2003 and March 2007).8 An accurate medication history is necessary to aid safe prescribing. To improve medicines reconciliation at hospital admission NICE/NPSA has recommended that:8 pharmacists are involved in medicines reconciliation as soon as possible after admission the responsibilities of pharmacists and other staff in the medicines reconciliation process are clearly defined; these responsibilities may differ between clinical areas strategies are incorporated to obtain information about medications for people with communication difficulties. At my base hospital, medicines reconciliation involves doctors, nurses, pharmacists and pharmacy technicians. Systems and policies are in place to deliver medicines reconciliation in different areas of care and to ensure all staff involved in the medicines reconciliation process are accredited and adequately trained. 3.2.3 Education and Training At my base hospital information regarding clinical risk management is widely accessible to all staff through a variety of sources; alongside co-operate clinical mandatory training sessions and in-house local training sessions, a wide variety of information is available on the local trust intranet. These include a governance newsletter entitled Lessons Learned detailing adverse events which have occurred and steps taken to prevent reoccurrence of such events, risk management manuals available on-line and the NPSA patient safety literature. At a local pharmacy level, the monthly medicines management bulletin includes medication safety updates and is distributed to all pharmacy staff. As well as these measures education and training to other health care professionals and patients on medication is paramount. Pharmacists are the professionals best placed to do this. The Central Manchester Foundation Trust took part in a prescribing error audit known as the EQUIP study. This showed pharmacists as experts in medicines held invaluable knowledge and through organised education programmes can help reduce medication errors.14 The main cause of prescribing errors amongst newly qualified medical staff was simply due to lack of knowledge regarding medicines.14 Results demonstrated the need for pharmacists at ward based level and the prevention of potentially serious medication errors through their presence on the ward.14 Pharmacists on wards gave medical staff immediate access to advice regarding dosing, interactions and therapeutic monitoring of drugs.14 Pharmacists are also more likely to complete incident reports involving medicines and should encourage other staff to do the same. Ensuring staff are aware the only way to improve the systems in place is to learn what we are doing wrong. Pharmacists are also involved in developing and delivering teaching sessions for various groups of staff. Examples included at my base hospital are VTE prophylaxis, IV drug calculations and monitoring for unfractionated heparin. All Pharmacists are encouraged to deliver and attend teaching sessions early on in their career. As well as educating medical staff, pharmacists counselling of patients in outpatients and at discharge will also aid reduction in medication errors. As well as delivering information and teaching packages, pharmacists need to ensure information provided is sufficient, easily accessible and up to date. Medicine information pharmacists will review how best to provide information for safe prescribing and drug administration.6 The formulation and dissemination of medicine policies and clinical guidelines by pharmacists contributes to risk management. Pharmacists also advice clinicians on risk issues arising from quality assurance reports e.g. NPSA, national and local clinical audit.4 3.3 Reduction in medication errors Medication errors occur due to a number of failures. Pharmacists clinically reviewing a prescription can detect and prevent prescribing errors, but prescribing is only one aspect of the medication cycle.7 Failures in the processes of reviewing, dispensing, administering and monitoring of medicines also occur.7 To overcome these adequate systems and checks to prevent medication errors need to be in place. Examples of such systems include:13 Effective communication Education of all health care professionals Integrated electronic care records Systems and policies in place for ordering, dispensing, administering and transporting in medicines Providing 24 hours medicines information services and support to medical staff Increase specialists staff, more training for junior staff from an undergraduate level and improved discharge procedures Development of information technology services and standardised electronic incident reporting systems 3.3.1 Information Technology The developments of technological systems have helped in the running of medicine based services and include automated dispensing systems and electronic prescribing. Similar packagings of medications by the same manufacture lead to frequent dispensing errors. The implementation of an automated dispensing robot in my trust has significantly reduced error rates through the incorrect selection of medication. It also minimises administration errors through the production of standard warning labels such as Methotrexate weekly dosing warnings, and reminders to attach penicillin containing stickers to relevant antibiotics. However, the system is not fool proof and as such errors still occur mainly due to over reliance causing staff to become deskilled. Near miss audits to identify potential errors are conducted regularly within my trust to highlight areas of concern and systems put in place to prevent these errors reoccurring. Implementation of electronic prescribing systems (medisec) for discharge and electronic dose calculator on our neonatal unit has also proven to reduce medication errors. Medication errors due to illegible handwriting no longer occur minimising risk of dispensing errors. The availability of drug name, dose, formulation and dosing schedule have also reduced the risk of medication errors.7 3.3.2 Medication safety at discharge Poor communication between different health care professionals can lead to medication errors at discharge. Medicines reconciliation on admission has proven to be useful in linking patients care at primary care and secondary care. However, more focus needs to be placed on ensuring community pharmacists and GPs are aware of changes to medication at the point of discharge. Improved communication will prevent GPs from prescribing drugs that are no longer indicated, contra-indicated or even duplicate drugs.7 The implementation of the electronic discharge system medisec and the automated electronic copy of the discharge summary detailing information regarding medication changes has proven to be a useful tool in improving communication to GPs, and maintaining the link between primary care and secondary care. In addition to this, patients receiving a copy of their discharge summary and being counseled on their medication at the point of discharge will contribute to reducing medication errors . 4.0 Conclusion The need to manage risks is particularly important in the NHS because of: Finite resource the NHS has a limited amount of money and staff to provide a service Complexity the service we provide is extremely complex because of both the size and nature of the task Expectation we strive to meet the expectations of an increasingly aware public Clinical Risk Management is an integral part of clinical governance and thus everyones business. Managers in all areas are responsible for ensuring that risks in the area are identified, monitored and controlled in line with the Trusts Risk Management Strategy. This will contribute to improved delivery of services by providing a structured approach to decision-making. . All staff working in the NHS have a responsibility to be aware of and implement risk management within their individual job roles. The development of technology, systems and processes and education of all staff will be the key to implement clinical risk management at local and national levels in individual trusts. Word count: 4,338

The Maintenance Wizard :: social issues

The Maintenance Wizard The Maintenance Wizard. By Michael Levy.  © all rights reserved. If you own a modern computer, you will know there is a maintenance wizard in your windows software. With a click of the mouse you can sit back whilst the wizard automatically checks out your computer for any faults. If it finds anything amiss it will correct it within a few seconds. The wizard will also remove any files that are not needed in its memory banks. Wow! what a wizard...Wouldn't be great if we had a wizard in our minds that could remove sickness and get rid of all erroneous memories. A whole lifetime of never getting sick.... Well, we do have such a wizard enmeshed in every human being. .....Just a minute, I can sense you are not believing what I am saying. Well, what I am saying does fly in-the-face of modern conventional medical science. Non-the-less, if you live in true joy, you will never get sick. What is he talking about I hear you say............I'm deep in debt....... my son has been sent home from school for being a disruptive influence.....my beloved aunt is dying of cancer ... the boss is telling me business is slow and he may have to lay people off if things don't pick up.....the roof is leaking and the dogs got diarrhea....There is also a hundred and one other problems piling up on the back cooker. Quite so, everyone will be faced with problematic challenges every day of their lives. That is all part of the human experience of living in a modern day world. The main problem is, the world we live in is no longer natural. It has become perplexingly plastic and sophisticatedly complex and if we accept it as our reality, we will have no chance of living a healthy dis-ease free life. Simplicity is the answer to many problems but when given a choice of an easy way or a hard way to solve a problem, most "normal" people will take the hard egoistical route. Why?....Because they live with an egotistical, intellectual master/monster and it is his/her way or no-way. But, what about God..... Isn't 'he' supposed to help us live disease free? If he is watching over us why is ‘he' not listening to our prayers. †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Why is he slinging a deaf ear? †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Why is "he' allowing such suffering to all the kind innocent folks who are asking him for help? The Maintenance Wizard :: social issues The Maintenance Wizard The Maintenance Wizard. By Michael Levy.  © all rights reserved. If you own a modern computer, you will know there is a maintenance wizard in your windows software. With a click of the mouse you can sit back whilst the wizard automatically checks out your computer for any faults. If it finds anything amiss it will correct it within a few seconds. The wizard will also remove any files that are not needed in its memory banks. Wow! what a wizard...Wouldn't be great if we had a wizard in our minds that could remove sickness and get rid of all erroneous memories. A whole lifetime of never getting sick.... Well, we do have such a wizard enmeshed in every human being. .....Just a minute, I can sense you are not believing what I am saying. Well, what I am saying does fly in-the-face of modern conventional medical science. Non-the-less, if you live in true joy, you will never get sick. What is he talking about I hear you say............I'm deep in debt....... my son has been sent home from school for being a disruptive influence.....my beloved aunt is dying of cancer ... the boss is telling me business is slow and he may have to lay people off if things don't pick up.....the roof is leaking and the dogs got diarrhea....There is also a hundred and one other problems piling up on the back cooker. Quite so, everyone will be faced with problematic challenges every day of their lives. That is all part of the human experience of living in a modern day world. The main problem is, the world we live in is no longer natural. It has become perplexingly plastic and sophisticatedly complex and if we accept it as our reality, we will have no chance of living a healthy dis-ease free life. Simplicity is the answer to many problems but when given a choice of an easy way or a hard way to solve a problem, most "normal" people will take the hard egoistical route. Why?....Because they live with an egotistical, intellectual master/monster and it is his/her way or no-way. But, what about God..... Isn't 'he' supposed to help us live disease free? If he is watching over us why is ‘he' not listening to our prayers. †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Why is he slinging a deaf ear? †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Why is "he' allowing such suffering to all the kind innocent folks who are asking him for help?

James Fenimore Cooper Essay -- essays research papers

James Fenimore Cooper was one of the pioneers in American novel writing. Cooper used the life and things he had experienced and turned them into best-selling novels that have held up throughout the years. He became famous with the publication of the wilderness adventures. Along with the success these books brought, so to came some criticism. To truly understand Coopers books you have to delve deeply into them and know from where he got the ideas for the stories. James Fenimore Cooper was born in Burlington, New Jersey on September 15th 1789 (â€Å"James Fenimore Cooper,† American Eras, n.p.). He was the eleventh child of William Cooper and Elizabeth Fenimore Cooper, whom he would later adopt part of his name from. His father was a land speculator, judge and Federalist politician (â€Å"James Fenimore Cooper†, DISCovering Biography, n.p.). In the early years of Fenimore Cooper’s life the family relocated from Burlington to the wilderness of Ostego Lake, New York. There, William Cooper built Ostego hall and developed the surrounding area as Cooperstown (â€Å"JFC†, DISCovering Biography, n.p.).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1803 James Fenimore Cooper entered Yale at the tender age of thirteen years. However his immaturity proved to be consequential as he was expelled for blowing up a classmate’s door with gunpowder (â€Å"JFC†, DISCovering Biography, n.p.). After his expulsion, presumably as a consequence for his actions, Cooper joined the Navy and sailed aboard the Stirling. On the ship he was witness to many adventures such as pursuit by pirates and British impressments of U.S. sailors (JFC, DISCovering Biography, n.p.).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In December of 1809 William Cooper died. However upon his death, he left James Cooper a large sum of money ($50,000). This money did not all go into Cooper’s pocket as he had to use some of it to care for his siblings (JFC, DISCovering Biography, n.p.). In May of the next year James would request a twelve-month break from the Navy to tend to family business. In his time from the Navy, Cooper met Susan Augusta DeLancey, the daughter of a country squire. They would marry on January 1, 1811 (JFC, DISCovering Biography, n.p.).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cooper was an avid reader in his early adulthood. After reading a few pages of Jane Austen’s Precaution, he threw the book down in disgust and is claimed to have said, â€Å"I coul... ...Criticism (210). Maulsby disagrees that the story fails to arrive at a conclusion. To him, Deerslayer is the account of a mission undertaken by a hero and the mission is completed in the end. It was good to see someone defend against Twains critical attacks on Coopers style (Maulsby, 210-211).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In all of Coopers books there is a very vivid depiction of the surroundings writes W.C. Brownell in Nineteenth Century Literary Criticism (214). The setting really becomes part of the stories that wouldn’t be the same if there were a remotely different setting. Cooper had extensive exposure in the two types of settings he wrote in, wilderness and nautical, which probably facilitated the process of describing the surroundings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To think that James Fenimore Cooper was an always cheerful, always upbeat man who wrote well received novels would be incorrect. He managed to insult people on both sides of the Atlantic and still achieve stardom. Cooper was disliked by the common person and the author alike; despite the way people disliked Cooper the man, they could not attack his novels as he was considered the first great American Novelist.